Rong Li，Huafu Chen，Sixiu Li
None
National Science and Technology Innovation 2030 Major Program (2022ZD020890)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(82072006 and 82372085)
Tptal:78
Epilepsy (BECT): 38
Healthy Controls (HC): 40
BECT
With clinical and electroencephalogram (EEG) data, diagnoses of BECT followed the criteria: (a) International League Against Epilepsy criteria; (b) sharp spikes in the centraltemporal regions; and (c) the presence of focal motor or tonic–clonic seizures during sleep.The exclusion criteria for all participants were: (a) focal brain lesions on T1-weighted and T2weighted f luid-attenuated inversion-recovery MR images; (b) poor imaging quality or head movement more than 3 mm in translation or 3◦ in rotation; and (c) falling asleep during MRI examination according to a self-report.
Healthy Controls
Participants were recruited through advertisements in Chengdu, Sichuan Province. Normal-developing children were screened and excluded if they or a first-degree relative had a developmental, language, learning, neurological, or psychiatric disorder or psychotropic substance use, or if they met the clinical criteria for a childhood disorder on the Children's Symptom Inventory, Fourth Edition, or the Children's and Adolescents' Symptom Inventory.
Healthy controls included individuals with no family history of epilepsy and no personal history of neurological or psychiatric conditions. Control participants were matched to the BECT group on age and sex. This group was screened to ensure no history of epilepsy, significant neurological issues, or psychiatric conditions based on self-reports and structured interviews.
Medication Information
Information regarding current psychoactive medication was collected at the initial screening. We did not ask participants to withhold any medication use prior to scan. Medication status at the time (day) of scanning was not recorded.
Surgical Information
None
All participants/parents signed a written informed consent/assent form, approved by the Institutional Review Board of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China. The whole research was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
MRI Scan Preparation
We did not use any mock scan or additional preparation beyond standard written and verbal description during consent/assent as well as verbal instructions prior to and during the scan session.
MRI Scan
During scanning, both epilepsy group and healthy control group were asked to lie still in the scanner, with their eyes closed, while staying awake.
Three different sequences were used for collected structural and fMRI data(see below). All MRI scans were conducted at the MRI Research Center of the University of Electronic Science and Technology of China using a 3.0 Tesla GE DISCOVERY MR750 scanner (General Electric, Boston, MA, United States) with an eight-channel prototype quadrature birdcage head coil.
3D T1:
High-resolution MR data of the whole brain were acquired using a 3D T1 sequence with the following parameters: repetition time (TR) = 1570 ms, echo time (TE) = 2.4 ms, matrix size = 256 ×256, field of view (FOV) = 256×256 mm²,, flip angle (FA) = 8°, voxel size = 1 × 1×1 mm³, and 160 axial slices.
T2 Fliar:
For T2 Fliar, the scan parameters are as follow : repetition time (TR) =7000 ms, echo time (TE) = 430 ms, matrix size = 256 ×228, field of view (FOV) = 256×228 mm²,, flip angle (FA) = 120°,slice thickness = 1mm.
Rest-state-fMRI:
We also used BOLD sequence with the following scan parameters: GRE-EPI sequence, Number of temporal positions= 250, repetition time (TR) = 2000ms，echo time(TE) =30ms, flip angle(FA) = 80°, axial slices = 64, slice thickness = 2.66 mm, spacing between slice = 2.66mm, matrix size = 80 × 80, field of view(FOV) = 213×213 mm².
Data Quality Control
To ensure the reliability and consistency of imaging data across all participants, a robust data quality control protocol is implemented for the two imaging modalities: During 3DT1 scanning, the scanning process was always supervised by personnel to avoid artifacts caused by patient movement; During the BOLD scanning, the scanning process was always supervised to avoid patient head movements that could interfere with the image quality.
Zhiquan Yang, Li Feng, Dingliu Yang
None
湖南省发改委， 湖南省发改委计划项目, 湘发改投资【2019】412号, 关于多模态影像与立体定向脑电图在癫痫精准手术及高级脑功能研究中的应用研究, 2019-07至 2023-12, 10万元, 结题, 主持
Total: 361
Epilepsy: 282
Healthy Controls (HC): 78
Epilepsy
Diagnosis of epilepsy was based on clinical criteria, and classification into epilepsy subtypes was determined by a clinician using the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) guidelines (Berg A T, Berkovic S F, Brodie M J, et al., 2010) and structured clinical assessments such as the Epilepsy Classification Questionnaire (ECQ). For cases where classification criteria were less clear, additional diagnostic tools, including electroencephalograms (EEGs) and neuroimaging, were employed to confirm diagnosis and classify epilepsy subtypes. Individuals with other comorbid psychiatric or neurological conditions, or history of traumatic brain injury were excluded to maintain diagnostic clarity.
Healthy Controls
Participants were recruited through advertisements in Changsha, Hunan Province. Participants were screened and excluded if they or a first-degree relative had a developmental, language, learning, neurological, or psychiatric disorder or psychotropic substance use, or if they met the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) guidelines (Berg A T, Berkovic S F, Brodie M J, et al., 2010) and structured clinical assessments such as the Epilepsy.
Medication Information
Medication details were gathered during the initial screening, including information on current psychoactive medications. Participants were not required to discontinue their medication use before undergoing the scan. However, the specific medication status on the day of the scan was not documented.
Surgical Information
Record the surgical approach and the lateralization of the procedure. The surgical methods include anterior temporal lobectomy, selective amygdalohippocampectomy, or resection of temporal lobe lesions.
Clinical Follow-up
Postoperative outcomes were assessed during a 1-year clinic follow-up using the Engel classification system. Patients were categorized as seizure-free (SF; Engel class IA) or non-seizure-free (NSF; Engel class IB to IV).
All participants/parents signed a written informed consent/assent form, approved by the Medical Ethics Committee, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University. The whole research was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
MRI Scan Preparation
We did not use any mock scan or additional preparation beyond standard written and verbal description during consent/assent as well as verbal instructions prior to and during the scan session.
MRI Scan
During scanning, both epilepsy group and healthy control group were asked to lie still in the scanner, with their eyes closed, while staying awake.
Three different sequences were used for collected structural, fMRI data and DTI (see below). All MRI scans were conducted at the Xiangya Hospital, Central South University using a 3.0 Tesla SIEMENS MR HEADER scanner (Siemens AG, Munich, Bavaria, Germany) with an sixty-four -channel prototype quadrature birdcage head coil.
3D T1:
High-resolution MR data of the whole brain were acquired using a 3D T1 sequence with the following parameters: repetition time (TR) = 2300 ms, echo time (TE) = 3 ms, matrix size = 256 x 256, field of view (FOV) = 256×256 mm²,, flip angle (FA) = 9°, voxel size = 1 x 1 x 1 mm³, and 176 axial slices.
T2 Fliar:
For T2 Fliar, the scan parameters are as follow :
repetition time (TR) = 4000 ms, echo time (TE) = 89 ms, matrix size = 256 x 256, field of view (FOV) = 190×190mm²,, flip angle (FA) = 150°, voxel size = 0.5 x 0.5x 2mm³, spacing between slice = 2.4mm
Rest-state-fMRI:
We also used BOLD sequence with the following scan parameters: GRE-EPI sequence, Number of temporal positions= 788, repetition time (TR) = 720ms，echo time(TE) =37ms, flip angle(FA) = 52°, axial slices = 64, slice thickness = 2.5 mm, spacing between slice = 2.5mm, matrix size = 90 × 90, field of view(FOV) = 225×255 mm².
DTI:
The DTI scan parameters are as follow: repetition time (TR) = 12000ms，echo time (TE) = 79.3ms, flip angle (FA) = 90°, field of view(FOV) = 100×100 mm²，matrix size = 128 × 128，slice thickness = 3 mm，spacing between slice = 2.6 mm and 78 slices。
Data Quality Control
To ensure the reliability and consistency of imaging data across all participants, a robust data quality control protocol is implemented for the three imaging modalities: During 3DT1 scanning, the scanning process was always supervised by personnel to avoid artifacts caused by patient movement; During the BOLD scanning, the scanning process was always supervised to avoid patient head movements that could interfere with the image quality; For =DTI). For DTI scanning, real-time head motion is monitored to avoid motion artifacts.
Qiangqiang Liu, Jingwen Xu
None
None
Total: 127
Epilepsy: 103
Healthy Controls (HC): 24
Epilepsy
Diagnosis of epilepsy was based on clinical criteria. Patients were classified into epilepsy subtypes based on the " International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) guidelines " (Scheffer I E, Berkovic S, Capovilla G, et al. ILAE classification of the epilepsies: Position paper of the ILAE Commission for Classification and Terminology[J]. Epilepsia, 2017, 58(4): 512-521.) which involved comprehensive diagnostic evaluation including clinical history, seizure description, neurological examination, MRI, F18-fludeoxyglucose (F18-FDG) positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging (PET/MRI), and structured clinical assessments such as the Epilepsy Classification Questionnaire (ECQ). For cases where classification criteria were less clear, additional diagnostic tools, including electroencephalograms (EEGs) and neuroimaging, were employed to confirm diagnosis and classify epilepsy subtypes. Individuals with other comorbid psychiatric or neurological conditions, or history of traumatic brain injury were excluded to maintain diagnostic clarity.
Healthy Controls
Healthy controls included individuals with no family history of epilepsy and no personal history of neurological or psychiatric conditions. Control participants were matched to the epilepsy group on age, sex, and handedness. This group was screened to ensure no history of epilepsy, significant neurological issues, or psychiatric conditions based on self-reports and structured interviews.
All participants were recruited in Shanghai through advertisements and received behavioral assessment by multiple physicians. Normal people were excluded if they did not cooperate with MR scan, or revealed organic brain diseases by MR scan. The images of the typically developing people also were disused if there was obvious artifact.
Medication Information
Medication details were gathered during the initial screening, including information on current psychoactive medications. Participants were not required to discontinue their medication use before undergoing the scan. However, the specific medication status on the day of the scan was not documented.
Surgical Information
Record the surgical approach and the lateralization of the procedure.
Surgical Approach:
RF-TC (Radiofrequency Thermocoagulation): 103 cases
Lateralization:
Left-sided, Right-sided
Clinical Follow-up
The efficacy grading is based on the improvement of the patient's seizures six months after surgery, using the following criteria: Response. The criterion of Response is based on the reduction in seizure frequency:
Responders: Patients with a ≥50% reduction in seizure frequency were defined as responders.
Non-responders: Patients with a ≤50% reduction in seizure frequency were defined as responders.
Ethics
All participants signed a written informed consent form, approved by the Institutional Review Board of Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine. The whole research was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
MRI Scan
During scanning, both epilepsy group and healthy control group were asked to lie still in the scanner, with their eyes closed, while staying awake.
Three different sequences were used for collected structural data, fMRI data and DTI(see below). All MRI scans were conducted at the Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine using a uMR890 scanner.
3D T1:
High-resolution MR data of the whole brain were acquired using a T1-weighted fast spoiled gradient echo(GRE_FSP) sequence with the following parameters: repetition time (TR) = 7.51 ms, echo time (TE) = 3.5 ms, matrix size = 320 x 293, field of view (FOV) = 240×240 mm², flip angle (FA) = 7 voxel size = 1 mm³, slice thickness = 1mm, spacing between slice = 0.5 mm and 360 axial slices.
Rest-state-fMRI
We also used BOLD sequence with the following scan parameters: GRE-EPI sequence, Number of temporal positions= 700, repetition time (TR) = 700ms，echo time(TE) =30ms, flip angle(FA) = 52°, axial slices = 63, slice thickness = 2.5 mm, spacing between slice = 2.5 mm, matrix size = 84 × 84, field of view(FOV) = 210×210 mm².
DTI
For patient and healthy control group who received RF-TC, the DTI scan parameters are as follow:
Using single-shot EPI scanning sequence: repetition time (TR) = 3200ms，echo time (TE) =52ms, flip angle (FA) = 90°, field of view(FOV) = 256×256 mm²，matrix size = 128 × 128，slice thickness = 2 mm，spacing between slice = 2 mm and 70 slices.
Data Quality Control
To ensure the reliability and consistency of imaging data across all participants, a robust data quality control protocol is implemented for the three imaging modalities: During 3DT1 scanning, the scanning process was always supervised by personnel to avoid artifacts caused by patient movement. During the BOLD scanning, the scanning process was always supervised to avoid patient head movements that could interfere with the image quality. For DTI scanning, real-time head motion is monitored to avoid motion artifacts.
Kai Zhang, Jiajie Mo
None
None
Total: 150
Epilepsy: 150
Healthy Controls (HC):
Epilepsy
Diagnosis of epilepsy was based on clinical criteria. Patients were classified into epilepsy subtypes based on the " International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) guidelines " (Scheffer I E, Berkovic S, Capovilla G, et al. ILAE classification of the epilepsies: Position paper of the ILAE Commission for Classification and Terminology[J]. Epilepsia, 2017, 58(4): 512-521.) which involved comprehensive diagnostic evaluation including clinical history, seizure description, neurological examination, MRI, F18-fludeoxyglucose (F18-FDG) positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging (PET/MRI), and structured clinical assessments such as the Epilepsy Classification Questionnaire (ECQ). For cases where classification criteria were less clear, additional diagnostic tools, including electroencephalograms (EEGs) and neuroimaging, were employed to confirm diagnosis and classify epilepsy subtypes. Individuals with other comorbid psychiatric or neurological conditions, or history of traumatic brain injury were excluded to maintain diagnostic clarity.
Healthy Controls
Healthy controls included individuals with no family history of epilepsy and no personal history of neurological or psychiatric conditions. Control participants were matched to the epilepsy group on age, sex, and handedness. This group was screened to ensure no history of epilepsy, significant neurological issues, or psychiatric conditions based on self-reports and structured interviews.
All participants were recruited in Shanghai through advertisements and received behavioral assessment by multiple physicians. Normal people were excluded if they did not cooperate with MR scan, or revealed organic brain diseases by MR scan. The images of the typically developing people also were disused if there was obvious artifact.
Medication Information
Medication details were gathered during the initial screening, including information on current psychoactive medications. Participants were not required to discontinue their medication use before undergoing the scan. However, the specific medication status on the day of the scan was not documented.
Surgical Information
Record the surgical approach and the lateralization of the procedure.
Surgical Approach:
Lateralization:
Left-sided, Right-sided
Clinical Follow-up
All participants signed a written informed consent form, approved by the Institutional Review Board of Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University. The whole research was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
MRI Scan
3D T1:
The following parameters: repetition time (TR) = 1800 ms, echo time (TE) = 2.23 ms, matrix size = 256 x 256, field of view (FOV) = 240×240 mm², flip angle (FA) = 8 voxel size = 1 mm³, slice thickness = 0.94mm, spacing between slice = 0.94 mm.
T2:
The following parameters: repetition time (TR) = 4940ms，echo time (TE) =104ms, flip angle (FA) = 150°, field of view(FOV) = 202×240 mm²，matrix size = 256 × 194，slice thickness = 0.9 mm，spacing between slice = 0.9 mm.
Data Quality Control
To ensure the reliability and consistency of imaging data across all participants, a robust data quality control protocol is implemented for the both imaging modalities: During 3DT1 and T2 scanning, the scanning process was always supervised by personnel to avoid artifacts caused by patient movement.
Heng Zhao
None
None
Total: 26
Epilepsy: 26
Healthy Controls (HC):
Epilepsy
Diagnosis of epilepsy was based on clinical criteria. Patients were classified into epilepsy subtypes based on the " International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) guidelines " (Scheffer I E, Berkovic S, Capovilla G, et al. ILAE classification of the epilepsies: Position paper of the ILAE Commission for Classification and Terminology[J]. Epilepsia, 2017, 58(4): 512-521.) which involved comprehensive diagnostic evaluation including clinical history, seizure description, neurological examination, MRI, F18-fludeoxyglucose (F18-FDG) positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging (PET/MRI), and structured clinical assessments such as the Epilepsy Classification Questionnaire (ECQ). For cases where classification criteria were less clear, additional diagnostic tools, including electroencephalograms (EEGs) and neuroimaging, were employed to confirm diagnosis and classify epilepsy subtypes. Individuals with other comorbid psychiatric or neurological conditions, or history of traumatic brain injury were excluded to maintain diagnostic clarity.
Healthy Controls
Healthy controls included individuals with no family history of epilepsy and no personal history of neurological or psychiatric conditions. Control participants were matched to the epilepsy group on age, sex, and handedness. This group was screened to ensure no history of epilepsy, significant neurological issues, or psychiatric conditions based on self-reports and structured interviews.
All participants were recruited in Shanghai through advertisements and received behavioral assessment by multiple physicians. Normal people were excluded if they did not cooperate with MR scan, or revealed organic brain diseases by MR scan. The images of the typically developing people also were disused if there was obvious artifact.
Medication Information
Medication details were gathered during the initial screening, including information on current psychoactive medications. Participants were not required to discontinue their medication use before undergoing the scan. However, the specific medication status on the day of the scan was not documented.
Surgical Information
Record the surgical approach and the lateralization of the procedure.
Surgical Approach:
ATR、SELAH、RFTC、VNS.
Lateralization:
Left-sided, Right-sided
Clinical Follow-up
All participants signed a written informed consent form, approved by the Institutional Review Board of The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province. The whole research was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
Scan Procedure and Parameters
MRI Scan
3D T1:
The following parameters: repetition time (TR) = 1800 ms, echo time (TE) = 2.23 ms, matrix size = 256 x 256, field of view (FOV) = 240×240 mm², flip angle (FA) = 8 voxel size = 1 mm³, slice thickness = 0.94mm, spacing between slice = 0.94 mm.
T2:
The following parameters: repetition time (TR) = 4940ms，echo time (TE) =104ms, flip angle (FA) = 150°, field of view(FOV) = 202×240 mm²，matrix size = 256 × 194，slice thickness = 0.9 mm，spacing between slice = 0.9 mm.
Data Quality Control
To ensure the reliability and consistency of imaging data across all participants, a robust data quality control protocol is implemented for the both imaging modalities: During 3DT1 and T2 scanning, the scanning process was always supervised by personnel to avoid artifacts caused by patient movement.
None
None
Total: 217
Epilepsy: 210
Typical controls (TC): 65
Epilepsy
Typical Control（TC）
Recruited
Estimated iq
Handedness
Medication Information
None
None
None
Total: 132
Epilepsy: 72
Typical controls (TC): 60
Epilepsy
Typical Control（TC）
Recruited
Estimated iq
Handedness
Medication Information
None
None
None
Total: 104
Epilepsy: 63
Typical controls (TC): 41
Epilepsy
Typical Control（TC）
Recruited
Estimated iq
Handedness
Medication Information
None
None
None
Total: 101
Epilepsy: 58
Typical controls (TC): 43
Epilepsy
Typical Control（TC）
Recruited
Estimated iq
Handedness
Medication Information
None
None
None
Total: 104
Epilepsy: 63
Typical controls (TC): 41
Epilepsy
Typical Control（TC）
Recruited
Estimated iq
Handedness
Medication Information
None
None
None
Total: 218
Epilepsy: 138
Typical controls (TC): 80
Epilepsy
Typical Control（TC）
Recruited
Estimated iq
Handedness
Medication Information
None
